Why IMMERSE Works

‍INTRODUCTION

IMMERSE is a one-of-a-kind platform that offers live language immersion with highly trained teachers in authentic virtual settings so learners can quickly gain the skills they need to use English, Spanish, or French for real communication.

Unlike other apps, IMMERSE builds learners' fluency and teaches them to communicate with confidence in the workplace. IMMERSE was developed according to the research on language learning to provide the most effective language training platform available.

This white paper will explain why the design of IMMERSE’s platform and lessons succeeds where other types of language training fail, turning learners into confident, fluent speakers faster and more effectively than other apps or classes.

WHY LANGUAGE TRAINING MATTERS

Almost 20% of the world’s population speaks English as a first or second language, with the majority of them using it in the workplace. Unfortunately, many of those doing so find that there is a huge gap between the English skills they learned in school and those they need in order to be successful in the workforce.  

The top uses of English in the workplace require employees to speak (e.g., dealing with customers, giving presentations, and giving instructions to others), yet employees reported feeling far less comfortable speaking as compared to other skills like reading and writing. 

Asked why they didn’t feel their speaking skills were up to par, employees cited poor language training materials that focused too much on memorizing vocabulary and grammar rules with too few opportunities to practice using English for real communication. As the importance of English language skills in the workplace continues to grow, this gap in language training is a critical problem that organizations must address.

Inadequate language training not only limits individual employees' professional growth, it is also costly for employers. Employees with limited English proficiency are able to fully express themselves at work, and these employees could do their jobs more easily and efficiently if they had better English skills.

This is critical, as miscommunication caused by English language barriers equates to millions of dollars per year in lost productivity. By raising English proficiency levels among second language speakers, organizations not only improve productivity but also maximize the potential of employees who are struggling to work effectively in English.

Unfortunately, only a minority of employers offer language training. Those companies who have chosen to offer language training have reaped the benefits, with studies showing that knowing another language improves employee productivity, inspires creativity and better communication, leads to better problem solving abilities, and opens the door for a company to engage with additional international markets (Forbes, 2019). 

Studies have also found that providing language training as professional development is an effective way to improve employees’ career mobility and retention, with one 2023 survey of 6,000 workers finding that upskilling allowed 95% of respondents to improve their confidence in the language, 93% to save time at work as a result of improved language skills, 92% to improve their language proficiency, and 87% to achieve a career goal (e.g., a pay raise or promotion) (EnGen, 2023), ultimately making them more competitive in the workforce.

Furthermore, with 90% of organizations facing concerns about employee retention, providing learning and upskilling opportunities has been cited as the most effective retention strategy (LinkedIn Learning, 2024). Indeed, many employees say that they would stay at their company longer if employers invested in training and development. 

As English is widely used for international business communication, companies that invest in effective English language training programs are investing in their own future. Employees confident in their English skills collaborate more effectively, communicate better with customers and one another, remain at their jobs longer, and engage in more creative problem solving. However, reaping these benefits requires using a language training program that teaches employees the communication skills they need to excel at their work.

‍Why Traditional Language Apps Fail

With the increasing importance of second language proficiency for employee and business success, many companies are turning to traditional language programs and applications to train their workers. However, applications like DuoLingo consistently fall short when it comes to teaching learners how to speak and listen, skills which require the ability to process language in real time (Loewen, et al., 2019). Applications like Rosetta Stone and GoFluent, which are widely used for workplace language training, suffer from the same limitations and result in the same failure to prepare learners to use language in real time.

This failure results in wasted time for employees, who spend hours practicing grammar and vocabulary without developing the ability to use them for fluent communication. This also means wasted training funds for employers, who are paying for training solutions that can only achieve limited results.

In the end, employees can only master a language skill if they have opportunities to practice it. A method that uses traditional “drill-and-kill” practice exercises will build their skills at filling in blanks. It will not build their skills at using the language to communicate with customers and coworkers.

The Advantages of VR for Language Learning

In order to develop fluency, learners need practice using the language with other people. To be able to speak fluently on the job, they need to learn and practice in real-life settings, such as a business meeting or an airport. Guided immersion, where learning happens through contextualized real-time interactions, turns employees into confident speakers ready to speak in the real world. 

The development of VR technology means that guided immersion can now be accessed with the convenience and flexibility of old-fashioned language apps and online courses. Unlike these other methods, however, VR immersion can provide first-hand experience using a language in a wide variety of authentic settings.

Research on soft skills training in VR has found that employees who learn in virtual reality are 40% more confident applying their training to the workplace than employees who learn through traditional online or classroom methods, even though the VR training takes only a fraction of the time (Eckert & Mower, 2020). Similarly, research has found that VR language training in Immerse is faster and more effective than language learning with traditional online or classroom methods. 98.8% of learners increased their fluency and confidence speaking English after VR language training in Immerse (Saito, 2021), and English students learned more in four months in Immerse than they would typically learn in three years of university classes (Sataka et al., 2021).

IMMERSE

IMMERSE is a virtual world with English, Spanish, and French guided immersion programs designed to turn language learners into fluent speakers with the skills and confidence to communicate in the real world. Only IMMERSE offers employee language training through live classes and role plays in over 40 authentic virtual reality settings, where our expert language teachers provide outcome-driven instruction using the guided immersion model of language learning. We offer live, instructor-led classes, conversation meetups, and communication-focused practice. Users access our virtual world via a desktop computer or a Quest headset.

IMMERSE uses a research-backed pedagogy that is grounded in learning science and built on research that has tested how to best help adults learn languages through VR. We have partnered with over 30 research universities around the world to test and validate our method and have consistently found that learning in IMMERSE is faster, more effective, and more engaging than traditional classroom instruction and mobile-based programs.

Specifically, the research has demonstrated: 

• Adult learners improve speaking abilities 9x faster in IMMERSE than what is seen with traditional classroom instruction (Aoyama Gaukin University). 
• 98.8% of adult learners report lower foreign language anxiety as a result of using IMMERSE (Chuo University). 
• 93.7% of adult learners report that IMMERSE allows for active experiential learning and provides a safe space for learning (Purdue University). 
• 86% of employees reported that IMMERSE had an impact on their confidence in using English at work (Microsoft Korea). 
• After just 8 weeks of 30-minute lessons in IMMERSE, employees increased the amount of time they spoke in English by 2.75x (Benesse). 
• Students who study in VR learn and retain vocabulary 2x more accurately than those who learned via traditional classroom instruction (University of North Texas). 

For employers, this means language training that is both more efficient and more effective than instruction delivered through traditional software applications, classrooms, or video conferencing.

Employers need a language training program that will give their employees the confidence, fluency, and language skills to communicate effectively with clients and one another, in any situation that might arise in the course of their work. 

This level of language proficiency cannot be achieved with an app or course that expects learners to teach themselves, especially not when the learning materials are generalized and cannot be adapted to the individual employees’ specific communication needs. Language tutoring through video conferencing can provide a more personalized approach, but the lack of authentic context for language practice means that employees will still struggle when they try to use the language in the real world.

Requirements for Success at Language Learning

IMMERSE’s guided immersion approach to language training incorporates the three core elements necessary for language learners to develop true communicative ability: 

• Meaningful social interaction
• Contextualization
• Personalized learning

These elements are what enable IMMERSE to train learners to express their own thoughts and ideas rather than merely memorizing scripted conversations and completing grammar exercise like they would do with other learning methods. The end result is speakers with the flexibility and confidence to use the language in any situation. For employees, this means gaining the ability to respond to and engage with the language that arises spontaneously in the course of their work.

TRUE IMMERSION

Language immersion is widely regarded as the most effective way to learn a language, especially if the end goal is to use it for real-world communication. Using language in a work setting requires the ability to negotiate, make requests, and so on in ways that are linguistically and culturally appropriate. It also requires fluency, confidence, and the ability to follow a conversation in any direction it goes. Grammar exercises and scripted conversations are inadequate for preparing employees for this type of communication.

Immersion, on the other hand, trains learners to express their own ideas extemporaneously. Guided immersion, where teachers are present to structure the immersion experience, speeds up the learning process by ensuring learners receive comprehensible input and personal support with vocabulary and grammar. 

In fact, research shows that with language immersion in virtual reality, whether through headset VR or desktop VR, learners can achieve the type of language competence and fluency of native speakers (Li & Jeong, 2020). The immersive features of VR align with the key features of language immersion, creating an ideal medium for learning.

IMMERSE is the only language platform to provide learning that incorporates all four types of immersion. Even other VR language apps that claim to provide language immersion fail to provide all four types, limiting the communication skills learners can develop.

The Science Behind IMMERSE

Contrary to common belief, language processing is not limited to merely a few regions of the brain. Rather, language knowledge is a complex system spread across the brain, including regions responsible for sensory-motor perception, social interaction, and emotion (Macedonia et al., 2020). The words for the ways in which we interact with our world are mapped onto the parts of our brain responsible for those interactions. 

Learning the words associated with a type of interaction is accelerated by encountering them in the context of that interaction. This means that employees who need to be able to negotiate, collaborate, explain, make requests, and take leadership in English should learn by doing these things in English. Immersion makes this possible.

VR provides so much of what learning science has already shown about what language learners need in order to develop communicative competence: experiences that encourage them to create and communicate new ideas and concepts, opportunities to apply language to real-world scenarios through social interactions and collaboration, and highly stimulating and engaging experiences that promote learning (Chun et al., 2022; Dalgarno & Lee, 2010; Makransky & Petersen, 2021). 

IMMERSE is able to provide effective, efficient employee language training solutions because we provide precisely these experiences and opportunities. This is why learners find success with Immerse even after failed attempts at learning through other methods.

The Immerse platform, features, and lesson design provide the three keys to developing true communicative competence: meaningful social interaction, contextualization, and personalized learning.

MEANINGFUL SOCIAL INTERACTION

Social interaction is a major driver of success in language learning, especially when the learning objective is speaking proficiency (Li & Jeong, 2020).

Studying a language as a system of words and grammar rules has long been recognized as insufficient for learning to use a language for communication purposes. In fact, the communicative approaches to language teaching popular today were developed in response to the failure of earlier approaches that focused primarily on vocabulary lists and grammar drills. 

The ability to interact with other speakers naturally and effectively in real-time verbal interactions does not automatically arise from studying vocabulary lists and doing grammar exercises. Rather, real-time communication is a skill that is mastered by practicing in a variety of contexts and situations. Neural imaging shows that learners’ brains show significantly more activity in more parts of the brain when they learn through social interaction than when they learn through the type of translation methods typical of mobile apps and textbooks.

IMMERSE recognizes the importance of meaningful interactions for acquiring a new language, and every lesson provides employees with highly interactive communicative activities such as role plays, interviews, and opinion sharing. We also include many collaborative task-based activities that require employees to talk their way through figuring out solutions to challenges like building a shelter or setting up for a happy hour together.

This degree of realism and interactivity of IMMERSE’s scenes makes it possible for learners to fully engage in the communicative tasks that they are learning in their language lessons and practice speaking in real-world scenarios. Another added benefit is that they provide opportunities for unexpected language to emerge. For instance in the restaurant scene when a cup of coffee is dropped and a breaking sound is heard, learners inevitably lean into unplanned language that mirrors the kind of spontaneous interactions people have in real life, like, “I’m so sorry,” or “Let me clean that up for you!”

CONTEXTUALIZATION

Embodied cognition is the idea that cognition, including learning, is inextricably linked to our physical and sensory experiences. Research shows that integrating language study with movement and perception significantly improves learning. The more that language learners interact with objects in VR, for instance, the better they remember the names of those objects later (Legault, 2019).

In addition, contextualizing learning through role play activities in authentic settings helps language learners learn how to interact in culturally appropriate ways and develop a sense of themselves as members of the language community. Lessons that provide practice using language to accomplish workplace tasks like collaborating on a project, asking for clarification, or politely denying a request prepare learners to interact in linguistically and culturally appropriate ways on the job as well.

All of IMMERSE’s 40+ virtual scenes are highly interactive to add realism and contextualization to the learning experience. All scenes are stocked with objects that learners can interact with and use. For example, the knives in the kitchen scene can be used to chop vegetables,  which can then be thrown in a pot and boiled. Unattended frying pans even catch fire, but learners can grab a fire extinguisher to put the fire out.

Each scene allows learners to engage in activities relevant to the setting. For example, in the meeting room scene, learners can collaborate with each other around the meeting table or on the whiteboard, pour themselves a cup of coffee, or meet with their manager in their office. In the fast food scene, learners can grill food, pour drinks, ring up a customer’s order on the cash register and pay for their food with their virtual credit card or cash.

Unlike many virtual worlds, which are little more than three dimensional pictures, IMMERSE scenes are expansive and allow learners to walk around and fully interact with the environment, their teacher, and one another. This allows for role plays that prepare learners for different vocations. For example, in the hotel scene, learners can play a clerk-in-training while learning phrases like "come with me" and showing a customer where the breakfast area is. 

By embedding the learning in these highly interactive environments, IMMERSE provides embodied communicative practice that enhances comprehension and memory. Giving business presentations in front of colleagues seated around a conference table, answering airport security questions while placing personal items on the conveyor belt and walking through security, showing new employees around workplaces like a hotel, restaurant, or business office - all of these embodied communication experiences build the language into the parts of a learner’s brain associated with the real-world experiences. 

PERSONALIZED LEARNING

One of the most obvious problems with off-the-shelf language learning solutions like mobile apps and language courses is that they teach relatively generic content. They don’t necessarily teach what individual learners need to know or help them practice the elements that they personally are struggling with. As a result, when these learners try to use the language in their own lives, while working on a project together with colleagues for instance, they quickly realize that they don’t know how. This often leads to feelings of embarrassment, inadequacy, and anxiety about speaking (Kralova & Petrova, 2017).

To avoid these pitfalls, a language training solution must provide safe and encouraging spaces for learners to build confidence in their speaking abilities. Studies have shown that VR is uniquely suited to this. In virtual environments, learners appear as avatars which create a kind of “shield” that students can hide behind, providing a safe environment to communicate in without being physically on view (Thrasher, 2022).

In addition to using avatars, IMMERSE also reduces anxiety by carefully scaffolding lessons so that learners are gently guided through the steps to engaging independently in a communicative task.

IMMERSE personalizes learning by providing feedback on each learner’s emergent language. Emergent language is language that arises spontaneously as learners attempt to communicate their thoughts and ideas in a new language. While teachers can predict and plan for vocabulary and grammar that are likely to come up in a lesson, there will always be unpredicted language related to the learners’ jobs, viewpoints, and personalities.

It is precisely this language that learners need to learn in order to express themselves effectively and confidently at work and beyond. Our teachers are trained to incorporate this spontaneous language into lessons as it arises, and all lessons make space for this kind of learning.

Learners also get personalized practice in IMMERSE’s AI practice scenes, where they can get unlimited private speaking practice with ChatGPT4-powered avatars who tailor their conversations to each learner’s proficiency level and interests.

In addition to taking live, synchronous classes and participating in conversation groups, learners can also utilize the IMMERSE AI practice scenes to practice having conversations on a variety of topics that pertain to the workplace. These avatars can also provide learners with vocabulary, answer grammar questions, and translate sentences from learners’ native to target language.

THE IMMERSE METHOD

The success of language learners in the business workforce hinges on their ability to develop a comprehensive skill set that combines language proficiency, business acumen, and interpersonal skills (Zhu & Liu, 2014). A well-designed Business language course integrates language proficiency, business knowledge, cross-cultural competence, and practical skills, preparing students for success in the dynamic business landscape (Alapati et al., 2023). Our highly experienced Education department is skilled at developing these types of practical language courses that are perfect for vocational training as well as for developing soft skills like effective communication, teamwork, leadership, and problem solving. 

IMMERSE’s curriculum has been designed to align with both the Common European Framework of Reference (CEFR) as well as the more granular Global Scale of Languages’ learning objectives, with particular focus placed on the learning objectives for professional language (i.e., the language skills needed to succeed in the workforce). This means that every lesson we offer is designed to help learners achieve a specific learning outcome that is relevant for their professional lives.

For example, specific learning outcomes for professional language include being able to “Talk about your working day using simple language (A2+ Speaking)”, “Explain the reasons for their phone call to a business or client (B1+ Speaking)”, and “Understand a range of questions in a job interview (B1+ Listening).”

By aligning our curriculum with the learning objectives outlined specifically for professional language, we ensure that employees gain strong language skills for effective business communication. This helps them learn functional phrases that are commonly used in business settings, such as for making suggestions, proposals, rejections, and confirming agreements and gives them practice with authentic tasks that reflect real workplace communication and build transferable skills like negotiations, presentations, meetings, conflict management, and decision-making. 

Research has shown that by systematically approaching professional language development in this way, employers are able to boost employee confidence, communication skills, productivity, and retention by up to 95% (EnGen, 2023). These positive benefits also trickle down to a company's customers who benefit from being able to more easily communicate their needs (ACTFL, 2019). ‍

Our Teaching Methodology 

At IMMERSE, we recognize that language is social. We take a learner-centered approach that fosters engagement, meaningful interactions, and a supportive community of learners.

Our lessons are built around real-world content that gives students the skills to actually use the new language - right away. This helps them learn faster, enjoy the experience more, and gain the confidence they need to use the language for authentic communication in the workplace.

Across all levels, the goal of our lessons is communication, so we’ve designed each lesson as a unique opportunity for students to master a specific communicative task together with their peers. 

This might mean learning to introduce themselves during a networking event, making a complaint about a service, or offering to help someone out. Learning objectives are also spiraled across levels, so as students’ language skills get stronger, they can revisit tasks at increasing levels of complexity.  

Each live lesson is structured to gently guide students’ through the steps they need to master a communicative task, starting with learning new words and phrases and gradually progressing to a real conversation. By the end of each lesson, students will be able to communicate independently to accomplish the task. Students can also continue their learning at the end of each lesson by opting to stay in the virtual scene and practice with their peers.

IMMERSE instructors place students at the center of the learning experience, guiding them through using the language with a small group of fellow learners. The instructor will also give feedback on the language students produce during each activity, meaning they will learn how to express their own ideas rather than just trying to memorize some script.  

At IMMERSE, we recognize that the quality of our educators is paramount to delivering an exceptional learning experience. This belief drives our rigorous selection process, where only candidates with substantial teaching experience are considered. Immerse requires at a minimum for teachers to have an undergraduate degree in the language they teach. However, remarkably, 55% of our instructors hold a Master’s degree, and an impressive 21% hold a PhD. Our selection process is highly competitive, comprising multiple rounds of interviews designed to assess not only the candidates' expertise and teaching skills but also their alignment with our teaching model, curriculum, and pedagogical values.

Candidates who advance through the interview stages embark on a comprehensive, multi-week training program. This pivotal phase acquaints them with our distinctive teaching model and pedagogy, in-depth curriculum knowledge, and the intricacies of our learning platform.

Once part of the IMMERSE team, our educators are subject to continuous monitoring and development to ensure they consistently meet our high standards. Our built-in observation system allows for regular, non-intrusive session reviews, ensuring teaching quality without compromising the learning experience. This is complemented by the IMMERSE Quality Assurance Framework, which guides the observation and evaluation process. Teachers undergo both formal and informal observations each month to affirm their adherence to our Quality Assurance Standards. The informal observations focus on evidence to support comprehension for one of our four pillars: Pedagogical Proficiency, Delivery and Engagement, Content Expertise, IMMERSE Proficiency while our formal observations rate instructors across several domains for each of the above pillars. 

This process ensures our educators have both an in-depth understanding of quality in teaching as well as performance indicators evidencing application of these standards.  Moreover, our commitment to educator growth is underscored by mandatory monthly professional development sessions, curated by IMMERSE to foster pedagogical excellence and adaptability in an ever-evolving educational landscape.

Applying the Immerse method

IMMERSE has a suite of features designed to work individually and as a whole to support the development of individual learners’ language skills, communicative abilities, fluency, and confidence. Our article How IMMERSE Works breaks down each feature to show how it contributes to accelerating and improving learners’ language learning journey.

‍IMMERSE: LANGUAGE TRAINING THAT WORKS

In a world where “knowing a language” means far more than the ability to complete grammar and vocabulary exercises, IMMERSE offers real language training that works. Our program is designed specifically to turn language learners into self-assured, fluent speakers with the skills and confidence they need to communicate effectively in any situation. For more information about how IMMERSE can work with your organization to achieve real language training results, try IMMERSE classes and AI-powered avatar role plays for free with a 14-day trial.

REFERENCES

ACTFL. (2019). Making Languages our Business: Addressing Foreign Language Demand Among U.S. Employers. Retrieved from: https://www.languageconnectsfoundation.org/programs-initiatives/research/making-languages-our-business 

Alapati, P. R., Mandava, V. L., Ch, R., Raju, N. (2023). Enhancing employability skills through communication in the ESP classroom. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 13(11), 2898-2909. https://doi.org/10.17507/tpls.1311.21 

Chun, D., Karimi, H., & Sañosa, D. (2022). Traveling by headset: Immersive VR for language learning. CALICO Journal, 39(2), 129-149. https://doi.org/10.1558/cj.21306 

Dalgarno, B., & Lee, M. J. W. (2010). What are the learning affordances of 3-D virtual environments? British Journal of Educational Technology, 41(1), 10–32. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8535.2009.01038.x

Eckert, D., & Mower, A. (2020). The effectiveness of virtual reality soft skills training in the enterprise: A study. PwC Public Report. https://www.pwc.com/us/en/services/consulting/technology/emerging-technology/assets/pwc-understanding-the-effectiveness-of-soft-skills-training-in-the-enterprise-a-study.pdf

EnGen. (2023). Perceptions and Impact of English Upskilling: A Survey of Immigrant and Refugee Workers. Retrieved from: https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5fc81a6a2a8c727fea28e86a/t/648a76edfd3d5f01edca36b9/1686796014199/EnGen-Learner-Survey-2023.pdf 

Forbes. (2019). How the Power of Language Can Grow Your Career and Business. Retrieved from: https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbestechcouncil/2019/07/02/how-the-power-of-language-can-grow-your-career-and-business/?sh=1993848f70b9 

Jeong, H., Li, P., Suzuki, W., Sugiura, M., & Kawashima, R. (2021). Neural mechanisms of language learning from social contexts. Brain and Language, 212, 104874. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandl.2020.104874

Kralova, Z., & Petrova, G. (2017). Causes and consequences of foreign language anxiety. Retrieved from: https://xlinguae.eu/2017_10_03_09.html

Legault, J., Zhao, J., Chi, Y. A., Chen, W., Klippel, A., & Li, P. (2019). Immersive virtual reality as an effective tool for second language vocabulary learning. Languages, 4(1), 13. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.3390/languages4010013

Li, P., & Jeong, H. (2020). The social brain of language: grounding second language learning in social interaction. npj Science of Learning, 5(1), 8. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41539-020-0068-7

LinkedIn Learning. (2024). Workplace Learning Report. Retrieved from:  https://learning.linkedin.com/resources/workplace-learning-report# 

Loewen, S., Crowther, D., Isbell, D. R., Kim, K. M., Maloney, J., Miller, Z. F., & Rawal, H. (2019). Mobile-assisted language learning: A Duolingo case study. ReCALL, 31(3), 293-311. Retrieved from:  https://doi.org/10.1017/S0958344019000065

Macedonia, M., Lehner, A. E., & Repetto, C. (2020). Positive effects of grasping virtual objects on memory for novel words in a second language. Scientific Reports, 10(1), 10760. Retrieved from: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-67539-9

Makransky, G., & Petersen, G. B. (2021). The cognitive affective model of immersive learning (CAMIL): A theoretical research-based model of learning in immersive virtual reality. Educational Psychology Review, 33(3), 937–958. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-020-09586-2  

Pearson. (2024). How English Empowers Your Tomorrow: The Life-Changing Impact of Learning English on Your Career and Beyond. Retrieved from: https://www.pearson.com/content/dam/one-dot-com/one-dot-com/pearson-languages/en-gb/pdfs/gse-research-global-report-en.pdf 

Saito, Y. (2021). Potential and challenges of the use of VR in English Education. KOTESOL International Conference 2021. Seoul, South Korea. Retrieved from: https://koreatesol.org/sites/default/files/pdf_publications/KOTESOL.Proceedings.2021.pdf#page=137

Sataka, Y., Yamamoto, S., & Obari, H. (2021). The effects of remote VR English lessons in the corona era. ASIATESL 2021 Conference, Online. Retrieved from: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1imq5jAK8tSGsmvhbmckGpJEelfYYjL5p/view

Thrasher, T. (2022). The impact of virtual reality on L2 French learners’ language anxiety and oral comprehensibility: An exploratory study. CALICO Journal, 39(2), 219-238. https://doi.org/10.1558/cj.42198

Zhu, W., & Liu, D. (2014). Study on the theoretical foundation of Business English curriculum design based on ESP and needs analysis. Higher Education Studies, 4(1), 68-74. Retrieved from: http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/hes.v4n1p68